#OSIRIX LITE 9.5.2 SOFTWARE#

Based on our discovery, we propose that the telencephalon is the executive brain in teleost fish. Individuals with larger telencephalons outperformed individuals with smaller telencephalons in all three executive function assays but not in the conditioning assay. We tested fish from the large and small telencephalon lines in tasks for the three main core executive functions: cognitive flexibility, inhibitory control, and working memory, but also in a basic conditioning test that does not require executive functions. For this, we used artificial selection lines of guppies (Poecilia reticulata) with substantial differences in relative telencephalon size. Here we show experimentally that changes in a forebrain structure (i.e., telencephalon) size, through mosaic brain evolution, underlie individual variation in executive functions capacities in a fish.

Despite more than two centuries of research on executive functions, both in humans and nonhuman animal species, there is still a knowledge gap of what constitutes the mechanistic basis of evolutionary variation in executive function abilities. (Online version in colour.)Įxecutive functions are a set of cognitive control processes required for optimizing goal-directed behaviour.

#OSIRIX LITE 9.5.2 SOFTWARE#

Images were prepared with the AMIRA software by E. The brain is subdivided into six major brain areas, depicted in different colours: telencephalon (in red), olfactory bulbs (in pink), diencephalon (in green), mesencephalon (in blue), rhombencephalon (in yellow), and brain stem (in light blue). (b) A 3D brain rendering showing the main brain parts from four different angles of the brain: top left image shows a partial frontal view, top right image shows a lateral view, bottom left image shows a superior view, and bottom right shows a dorsal view.

dimidiatus brain inside its braincase, the lower panel shows the delineation of the five brain structures: telencephalon including the olfactory bulb (in red), diencephalon (in green), mesencephalon (in blue), rhombencephalon (in yellow), brain stem (in orange). (a) A representative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan image of a sagittal section of L.

Osirix lite 9.5.2